Pass the CertNexus Certified AI Practitioner AIP-210 Questions and answers with ValidTests

Federated learning is a distributed approach to machine learning that allows multiple parties to collaboratively train a model without sharing their data with each other or a central server. This protects the privacy of the user’s data while still enabling well-trained models that can benefit from diverse and large-scale datasets. References: [Federated Learning - Wikipedia], [Federated Learning for Mobile Keyboard Prediction - Google AI Blog]

A type 1 error in statistical hypothesis testing is when the null hypothesis is true, but is rejected. This means that the test falsely concludes that there is a significant difference or effect when there is none. The probability of making a type 1 error is denoted by alpha, which is also known as the significance level of the test. A type 1 error can be reduced by choosing a smaller alpha value, but this may increase the chance of making a type 2 error, which is when the null hypothesis is false but fails to be rejected. References: [Type I and type II errors - Wikipedia], [Type I Error and Type II Error - Statistics How To]

Cloud models are service models that provide different levels of abstraction and control over computing resources in a cloud environment. Some of the common cloud models for machine learning pipelines are:

Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS provides ready-to-use applications that run on the cloud provider’s infrastructure and are accessible through a web browser or an API. SaaS can provide AI practitioner data science services such as Jupyter notebooks, which are web-based interactive environments that allow users to create and share documents that contain code, text, visualizations, and more.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS provides a platform that allows users to develop, run, and manage applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. PaaS can provide some services within an application such as payment applications to create efficient results.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides access to fundamental computing resources such as servers, storage, networks, and operating systems. IaaS can provide CPU, memory, disk, network and GPU resources that can be used to run machine learning models and applications.

Data as a Service (DaaS): DaaS provides access to data sources that can be consumed by applications or users on demand. DaaS can host the databases providing backups, clustering, and high availability.

Caffe is a deep learning framework that is designed for speed and modularity. It can process large datasets of images efficiently and supports various types of neural networks. It also has a large and active developer community that contributes to its code base and documentation. Caffe is suitable for image processing tasks such as classification, segmentation, detection, and recognition

The Adversarial ML Threat Matrix is an open framework designed to help detect, respond to, and remediate threats in ML systems. The Adversarial ML Threat Matrix is inspired by the MITRE ATT&CK® Matrix1, which is a framework for describing cyberattacks across various stages of an attack lifecycle. The Adversarial ML Threat Matrix adapts this framework to address specific threats and vulnerabilities in ML systems, such as data poisoning, model stealing, model evasion, or model inversion2. The Adversarial ML Threat Matrix provides a structured way to organize and classify adversarial techniques, tactics, procedures, examples, and mitigations for ML systems2.

A handover is the process of transferring the ownership and responsibility of an ML system from one party to another, such as from the developers to the end users. A handover should include all the necessary information and resources that enable the end users to use and run a trained model on their own system. Some of the items that should be included in a handover are:

Link to a GitHub repository of the codebase: A GitHub repository is an online platform that hosts the source code and version control of an ML system. A link to a GitHub repository can provide the end users with access to the latest and most updated version of the codebase, as well as the history and documentation of the changes made to the code.

README document: A README document is a text file that provides an overview and instructions for an ML system. A README document can include information such as the purpose, features, requirements, installation, usage, testing, troubleshooting, and license of the system.

Sample input and output data files: Sample input and output data files are data files that contain examples of valid inputs and expected outputs for an ML system. Sample input and output data files can help the end users understand how to use and run the system, as well as verify its functionality and performance.

Preexisting bias is a type of bias that originates from historical or social contexts, such as stereotypes, prejudices, or discriminations. Preexisting bias can affect the data or the algorithm used for machine learning, as well as the outcomes or decisions made by machine learning. Preexisting bias can cause unfair or harmful impacts on certain groups or individuals based on their attributes, such as gender, race, age, or disability3. In this case, the software that uses machine learning generates lower employability scores for women and predicts that women, especially with children, are less likely to get a high-paying job. This indicates that the software has preexisting bias against women, which may reflect the historical or social inequalities or expectations in the labor market.

Accuracy is a measure of how well a classifier can correctly predict the class of an instance. Accuracy is calculated by dividing the number of correct predictions (true positives and true negatives) by the total number of predictions. True positives are instances that are correctly predicted as positive (belonging to the target class). True negatives are instances that are correctly predicted as negative (not belonging to the target class).

Semi-supervised learning is a type of machine learning that uses both labeled and unlabeled data to train a model. Semi-supervised learning can be useful when:

Labeling data is challenging and expensive: Labeling data requires human intervention and domain expertise, which can be costly and time-consuming. Semi-supervised learning can leverage the large amount of unlabeled data that is easier and cheaper to obtain and use it to improve the model’s performance.

There is a large amount of unlabeled data to be used for predictions: Unlabeled data can provide additional information and diversity to the model, which can help it learn more complex patterns and generalize better to new data. Semi-supervised learning can use various techniques, such as self-training, co-training, or generative models, to incorporate unlabeled data into the learning process.

An L1 norm is a measure of distance or magnitude that is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the components of a vector. For example, if x and y are two components of a vector, then the L1 norm of that vector is |x| + |y|. The L1 norm is also known as the Manhattan distance or the taxicab distance, as it represents the shortest path between two points in a grid-like city.