Computer-generated evidence, such aslog files, metadata, and automated reports, is often classified ashearsaybecause it lacks a human declarant. However, exceptions exist under:
Business records exception– If logs are kept in the regular course of business.
Public records exception– If data is collected by government agencies.
Forensic investigators usehash verification and timestamp validationto ensure evidence reliability.
References:
U.S. Federal Rules of Evidence (Rule 803)
McAfee Institute Digital Forensics Guide
Legal Standards for Cyber Evidence Admissibility
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