PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) uses a modular architecture consisting of two main components:
LCP (Link Control Protocol): Establishes, configures, and tests the data-link connection
NCP (Network Control Protocol): Identifies and configures protocols at the Network Layer (e.g., IP, IPX)
NCP allows multiple protocols to be used over the same PPP link by negotiating and identifying the type of Layer 3 protocol.
MTCNA Course Material – PPP Components:
“NCP handles Layer 3 protocol negotiation and support. For example, IPCP (IP Control Protocol) is a type of NCP used for IP.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – PPP Protocol Stack:
“PPP uses NCP to identify and configure multiple Layer 3 protocols such as IP, IPX, AppleTalk.”
Other options:
B: ISDN is a WAN access technology, not part of PPP stack
C: HDLC is a data-link layer protocol, not used for identifying Layer 3
D: LCP configures link parameters, not network layer protocols
Final Answer: AQUESTION NO: 142 [Cisco IOS – IOS Backup Procedure]
To back up an IOS, what command will you use?
A. backup IOS disk
B. copy ios tftp
C. copy tftp flash
D. copy flash tftp
Answer: D
To back up the Cisco IOS image from the router’s flash memory to an external TFTP server, the correct command is:
copy flash tftp
This command initiates a transfer from flash memory to a TFTP server and is the standard procedure for backing up IOS images.
Cisco IOS Configuration Guide – Image Backup:
“To back up your IOS image, use the command copy flash tftp and follow the prompts for file name and TFTP server IP.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – IOS Management:
“copy flash tftp is the correct syntax to save a router’s current IOS to a TFTP server.”
Other options:
A: Invalid syntax
B: Invalid command (copy ios does not exist)
C: copy tftp flash is for installing, not backing up
Final Answer: DQUESTION NO: 143 [IP Addressing – Subnet Calculation]
Which of the following is the valid host range for the subnet on which the IP address 192.168.168.188 255.255.255.192 resides?
A. 192.168.168.129–190
B. 192.168.168.129–191
C. 192.168.168.128–190
D. 192.168.168.128–192
Answer: B
IP address: 192.168.168.188
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 → /26 → Block size = 64
Subnets:
192.168.168.0/26 → 192.168.168.0 – 63
192.168.168.64/26 → 192.168.168.64 – 127
192.168.168.128/26 → 192.168.168.128 – 191 ← Contains 192.168.168.188
192.168.168.192/26 → 192.168.168.192 – 255
Valid host range = 192.168.168.129 – 190
(Broadcast = 191, Network address = 128)
MTCNA Course Material – Subnetting Practice:
“To find valid hosts, exclude the subnet and broadcast address. In /26, each block is 64 addresses.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – IP Addressing:
“For /26 subnetting, calculate block size as 2^(32–26) = 64. Subnet starts at multiples of 64.”
Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 144 [Wireless – IEEE 802.11 Standards]
Which WLAN IEEE specification allows up to 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz?
A. A
B. B
C. G
D. N
Answer: C
802.11g operates in the 2.4 GHz band and supports data rates up to 54 Mbps. It is backward-compatible with 802.11b and was a significant improvement in speed while maintaining wide compatibility.
MTCNA Course Material – Wireless Standards:
“802.11g operates at 2.4 GHz and supports up to 54 Mbps. It is widely used in legacy devices.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – WLAN Specifications:
“802.11g = 2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps.
802.11a = 5 GHz, 54 Mbps
802.11b = 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps
802.11n = 2.4/5 GHz, up to 600 Mbps (MIMO)”
Option Breakdown:
A: 802.11a = 54 Mbps at 5 GHz
B: 802.11b = 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz
C: 802.11g =✔54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz
D: 802.11n = supports 2.4/5 GHz, speeds up to 600 Mbps (depending on MIMO)
fundamentals.
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