In the TCP/IP model (also known as the DoD model), the Host-to-Host layer is responsible for reliable end-to-end communication, which aligns directly with the Transport Layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model. This layer is where TCP and UDP protocols reside.
MTCNA Course Material – Protocol Layers Mapping:
“The Host-to-Host layer in TCP/IP model corresponds to the Transport layer in OSI. It handles reliable delivery through TCP and connectionless communication via UDP.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – TCP/IP vs OSI:
“Host-to-Host layer = OSI Layer 4. Protocols: TCP, UDP.”
Other layers:
Application → OSI Layers 5–7
Internet → OSI Layer 3
Network Access → OSI Layers 1–2
Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 118 [RouterOS Introduction – Protocols and Transport Layers]
Which of the following services use TCP?
A. 1 and 2
B. 2, 3 and 5
C. 1, 2 and 4
D. 1, 3 and 4
Answer: B
Services that use TCP:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – TCP port 25
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – TCP port 80
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – TCP ports 20 and 21
Services that use UDP:
DHCP – UDP ports 67 (server), 68 (client)
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) – UDP port 69
MTCNA Course Material – Protocol Port Assignments:
“TCP-based services include FTP, HTTP, and SMTP. UDP-based services include TFTP, DHCP.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Port Numbers and Transport Protocols:
“SMTP = TCP 25, HTTP = TCP 80, FTP = TCP 20/21. DHCP = UDP, TFTP = UDP.”
So, the correct TCP services are: 2 (SMTP), 3 (HTTP), and 5 (FTP).
Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 119 [Networking Fundamentals – VLAN Trunking]
What protocols are used to configure trunking on a switch?
VLAN Trunking Protocol
VLAN
802.1Q
ISL
A. 1 and 2
B. 3 and 4
C. 1 only
D. 2 only
Answer: B
The two actual trunking protocols used to carry VLAN-tagged frames across switch links are:
IEEE 802.1Q – Industry-standard trunking protocol
ISL (Inter-Switch Link) – Cisco proprietary trunking protocol
VLANs themselves define broadcast domains but are not a trunking protocol. VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is used to distribute VLAN configuration but not to trunk data.
MTCNA Course Material – VLAN and Trunking Overview:
“802.1Q is the standard VLAN trunking protocol. ISL is a Cisco-specific protocol. VTP is used for VLAN propagation, not actual trunking.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – VLAN Technologies:
“802.1Q and ISL are trunking methods. VTP helps with VLAN configuration but is not a trunking protocol.”
Correct trunking protocols: 802.1Q and ISL
Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 120 [RouterOS]
If you wanted to delete the configuration stored in NVRAM, what would you type?
A. erase startup
B. erase nvram
C. delete nvram
D. erase running
Answer: A
In Cisco IOS (used as a common reference in networking), the startup configuration is stored in NVRAM. To delete it and reset the device to factory defaults upon reboot, you use:
Command: erase startup-config or write erase
Networking Fundamentals – Cisco CLI:
“To remove the startup-config file from NVRAM, use erase startup-config. This will delete saved settings and reboot will load default settings.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Cisco Integration:
“erase startup-config is used to clear saved configuration. Running-config is stored in RAM, and ‘erase running’ is invalid.”
Other options:
B and C: Not valid Cisco commands
D: erase running is invalid — running-config must be cleared manually or overwritten
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