A DNS zone transfer replicates an entire DNS zone (a collection of DNS records for a domain) from a primary nameserver to a secondary one, typically for redundancy or load balancing. TheAXFR(Authoritative Full Zone Transfer) query type, defined in RFC 1035, facilitates this process. The dig (Domain Information Groper) tool, a staple in Linux/Unix environments, is used to query DNS servers. The correct syntax is:
dig @ axfrHere, dig @10.0.0.1 victim.com axfr instructs dig to request a zone transfer for "victim.com" from the nameserver at 10.0.0.1. The @ symbol specifies the target server, overriding the system’s default resolver.
Technical Details:
The AXFR query is sent over TCP (port 53), not UDP, due to the potentially large size of zone data, which exceeds UDP’s typical 512-byte limit (pre-EDNS0).
Successful execution requires the nameserver to permit zone transfers from the querying IP, often restricted to trusted secondaries via Access Control Lists (ACLs) for security. If restricted, the server responds with a "REFUSED" error.
Security Implications:Zone transfers expose all DNS records (e.g., A, MX, NS), making them a reconnaissance goldmine for attackers if misconfigured. CNSP likely emphasizes securing DNS servers against unauthorized AXFR requests, using tools like dig to test vulnerabilities.
Why other options are incorrect:
A. dig @10.0.0.1 victim.com axrfr:"axrfr" is a typographical error. The correct query type is "axfr." Executing this would result in a syntax error or an unrecognized query type response from dig.
B. dig @10.0.0.1 victim.com afxr:"afxr" is another typo, not a valid DNS query type per RFC 1035. dig would fail to interpret this, likely outputting an error like "unknown query type."
C. dig @10.0.0.1 victim.com arfxr:"arfxr" is also invalid, a jumbled version of "axfr." It holds no meaning in DNS protocol standards and would fail similarly.
Real-World Context:Penetration testers use dig ... axfr to identify misconfigured DNS servers. For example, dig @ns1.example.com example.com axfr might reveal subdomains or internal IPs if not locked down.References:CNSP Official Documentation (DNS Security and Tools); RFC 1035 (Domain Names - Implementation and Specification).
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