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Threat modeling is a technique that evaluates the secure Bet principles of network or software architectures. Secure Bet is an acronym that stands for security by design, security by default, and security by evaluation. Threat modeling is a process that identifies and analyzes the potential threats and vulnerabilities that may affect the network or software architecture, and determines the appropriate countermeasures and controls to mitigate them. Threat modeling can help to design and implement a network or software architecture that is secure, resilient, and compliant with the security requirements and standards. The other options are not techniques that evaluate the secure Bet principles of network or software architectures, as they either do not focus on the threats and vulnerabilities, do not involve design and evaluation, or do not relate to security. References: CISSP - Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Domain 8. Software Development Security, 8.1 Understand and integrate security in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), 8.1.1 Identify and apply security controls in development environments, 8.1.1.1 Secure Bet; CISSP Exam Outline, Domain 8. Software Development Security, 8.1 Understand and integrate security in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), 8.1.1 Identify and apply security controls in development environments, 8.1.1.1 Secure Bet

The analyst’s first consideration when performing an investigation with the potential for legal action is authorization to collect. Authorization to collect is the process of obtaining the necessary permissions and approvals to collect the evidence from the relevant sources, such as the owners, custodians, or authorities. Authorization to collect is essential to ensure the legality, validity, and admissibility of the evidence, as well as to protect the rights and privacy of the parties involved. Authorization to collect can also prevent any legal or ethical issues that may arise from unauthorized or improper collection of evidence. The other options are not the first considerations when performing an investigation with the potential for legal action, as they either come after the collection of evidence, or do not relate to the legal aspect. References: CISSP - Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Domain 7. Security Operations, 7.3 Conduct or support investigations, 7.3.1 Collect evidence, 7.3.1.1 Authorization to collect; CISSP Exam Outline, Domain 7. Security Operations, 7.3 Conduct or support investigations, 7.3.1 Collect evidence, 7.3.1.1 Authorization to collect

The product lifecycle consists of four phases: development, implementation, operations and maintenance, and disposal. The security architect has been mandated to assess the security of various brands of mobile devices, which are products that have already been developed and are ready to be deployed. Therefore, the most likely phase of the product lifecycle for this task is the implementation phase, where the products are installed, configured, tested, and integrated into the existing environment. The security architect should evaluate the security features, controls, and risks of each brand of mobile device and compare them with the security requirements and standards of the organization. The security architect should also consider the usability, performance, and compatibility of the mobile devices with the existing infrastructure and applications. References: CISSP CBK Reference, 5th Edition, Chapter 3, page 139; CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 8th Edition, Chapter 3, page 107

Air-gapping and hardening the host used for management purposes is the best way to manage the risk of a legacy Industrial Control System (ICS) that depends on a vulnerable version of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). Air-gapping means disconnecting the host from any network or internet connection, so that it can only be accessed physically. Hardening means applying security patches, disabling unnecessary services, and configuring security settings to reduce the attack surface of the host. This way, the risk of remote exploitation of the JRE vulnerability is minimized, and the host is protected from other potential threats. Isolating the full ICS by moving it onto its own network segment may reduce the exposure of the system, but it does not eliminate the possibility of network-based attacks. Convincing the management to decommission the ICS and migrate to a modern technology may be the ideal solution, but it may not be feasible or cost-effective, especially if the ICS cannot be replaced. Deploying a restrictive proxy between all clients and the vulnerable management station may also help to filter and monitor the network traffic, but it does not address the root cause of the vulnerability, and it may introduce additional complexity and overhead to the system. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 4: Security Architecture and Engineering, page 447. Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Chapter 4: Security Architecture and Engineering, page 321.

The feature that is most effective in mitigating against theft of data on a corporate mobile device which has been stolen is Mobile Device Management (MDM) with device wipe. MDM is a security technique that involves managing and securing the mobile devices that are used by the users or employees of an organization, and enforcing the security policies and standards of the organization on the mobile devices. MDM can provide the feature of device wipe, which is the ability to remotely erase or delete the data and information stored on the mobile device, in case the mobile device is lost or stolen. MDM with device wipe can mitigate against theft of data on a corporate mobile device which has been stolen, as it can prevent or reduce the unauthorized access, disclosure, or compromise of the data and information on the mobile device34. References: CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 4, page 378; 2024 Pass4itsure CISSP Dumps, Question 18.

The first step to mitigate future occurrences of personal laptops being stolen from the office with critical information is to create policies addressing this issue. Policies are high-level statements that define the goals and objectives of an organization and provide guidance for decision making. Policies can specify the roles and responsibilities of the users, the acceptable use of personal laptops, the security controls and requirements for protecting critical information, the reporting and response procedures in case of theft or loss, and the sanctions for non-compliance. The other options are possible actions to implement the policies, but they are not the first step. Encrypting disks, issuing cable locks, and monitoring personal laptops are examples of technical, physical, and administrative controls, respectively, that can help prevent or detect unauthorized access to critical information on personal laptops. References: Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Domain 1: Security and Risk Management, p. 51-52; CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 1: Security and Risk Management, p. 29-30.

IPSec, PPTP, and SSL all use randomly generated nonces to prevent replay attacks. A nonce is a number that is used only once in a cryptographic communication. It is usually sent along with the encrypted message to ensure freshness and uniqueness. A replay attack is when an attacker intercepts and retransmits a valid message to gain unauthorized access or cause a denial of service. By using nonces, the protocols can detect and reject any repeated messages that have the same nonce value. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 6: Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms, page 287. CISSP Practice Exam – FREE 20 Questions and Answers, Question 13.

Multi-pass wipes are the most secure method of data sanitization that would provide the most money from the vendor in the hard drive reuse program. Data sanitization is the process of removing or destroying the data from a storage device, such as a hard drive, to prevent the unauthorized or accidental recovery or disclosure of the data. Data sanitization can be performed by different methods, such as pinning, single-pass wipe, degaussing, or multi-pass wipe. Multi-pass wipes are the method of data sanitization that overwrite the data on the storage device multiple times, using different patterns or algorithms, to make the data unrecoverable or unreadable. Multi-pass wipes can provide the following benefits for the company that is enrolled in the hard drive reuse program:

They can provide the most secure means of preventing unauthorized data loss, as the multi-pass wipes can ensure that the data on the hard drive is completely erased and cannot be recovered by any software or hardware tools, even by forensic experts or advanced techniques.

They can also provide the most money from the vendor, as the multi-pass wipes can preserve the functionality and operability of the hard drive, unlike other methods, such as pinning or degaussing, that physically damage or destroy the hard drive, and therefore, the vendor would pay more money for the functioning hard drive than the non-functioning hard drive. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 7: Security Operations, Section: Media Management, pp. 789-790.

 The application type that is considered high risk and that provides a common way for malware and viruses to enter a network is peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing applications. An application is a type of software or program that can be installed or run on a system or a network, and that can provide various functions or features for the user or the customer, such as communication, entertainment, or productivity. An application can also pose a security risk, as it can introduce or expose various threats or attacks to the system or the network, such as malware or viruses. Malware is a type of malicious or harmful software or code that can be installed or executed on a system or a network, and that can perform various actions or tasks that can cause harm or damage to the system or the network, or to the user or the customer, such as stealing, deleting, or encrypting the data or the information. A virus is a type of malware that can replicate or copy itself, and that can infect or spread to other systems or networks, or to other files or programs, using various methods, such as e-mail, USB, or network.

The layer of the Open System Interconnect (OSI) model that is responsible for secure data transfer between applications, flow control, and error detection and correction is layer 4. The OSI model is a conceptual framework that describes the functions and interactions of the different components or elements of a communication system or a network. The OSI model consists of seven layers, each of which performs a specific task or role in the communication process, and each of which communicates with the adjacent layers through interfaces or protocols. The seven layers of the OSI model are:

Layer 1: Physical layer. This layer is responsible for transmitting and receiving the raw data or signals over the physical medium, such as cables, wires, or wireless channels. This layer defines the physical characteristics and specifications of the medium, such as voltage, frequency, or modulation.

Layer 2: Data link layer. This layer is responsible for establishing and maintaining the link or connection between the devices or nodes on the network, such as switches, routers, or hosts. This layer defines the methods and protocols for addressing, framing, and accessing the medium, such as MAC, LLC, or Ethernet.

Layer 3: Network layer. This layer is responsible for routing and forwarding the data or packets across the network, from the source to the destination. This layer defines the methods and protocols for addressing, routing, and switching the packets, such as IP, ICMP, or OSPF.

Layer 4: Transport layer. This layer is responsible for ensuring the reliable and secure data transfer between the applications or processes on the devices or nodes, from the source to the destination. This layer defines the methods and protocols for segmenting, reassembling, and sequencing the data, and for providing flow control, error detection and correction, and security features, such as TCP, UDP, or TLS.

Layer 5: Session layer. This layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating the sessions or connections between the applications or processes on the devices or nodes. This layer defines the methods and protocols for synchronizing, coordinating, and controlling the communication, and for providing authentication and authorization features, such as RPC, NFS, or Kerberos.

Layer 6: Presentation layer. This layer is responsible for formatting, encoding, and decoding the data or messages between the applications or processes on the devices or nodes. This layer defines the methods and protocols for converting the data or messages into a common or standard format, and for providing encryption and compression features, such as ASCII, JPEG, or SSL.

Layer 7: Application layer. This layer is responsible for providing the interface and the functionality for the applications or processes on the devices or nodes. This layer defines the methods and protocols for accessing, exchanging, and delivering the data or messages, and for providing various services or functions, such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS.

Layer 4, or the transport layer, is the layer of the OSI model that is responsible for secure data transfer between applications, flow control, and error detection and correction, as it provides the mechanisms and protocols for ensuring the reliability and security of the data transfer, and for regulating and correcting the data flow. Layer 2, layer 5, and layer 6 are not the layers of the

 The security principle that this company is affecting is availability, which is the ability of authorized users to access and use the resources and information of the system or network. By implementing a password complexity and an account lockout policy, the company is trying to enhance the security and authentication of the system or network, but it may also reduce the availability of the system or network for the legitimate users. If the users forget their passwords, or enter them incorrectly, or become victims of brute-force or denial-of-service attacks, they may be locked out of the system or network, and unable to perform their tasks or functions. Therefore, the company should balance the security and availability of the system or network, and consider the impact of the password and account lockout policy on the users and the business12. References: CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 1, page 17; CISSP Practice Exam – FREE 20 Questions and Answers, Question 13.

Security must be considered during the acquisition of new software in the request for proposal (RFP) process, which is the process of soliciting bids from potential vendors and evaluating their proposals based on predefined criteria. The RFP should include the security requirements and specifications for the software, such as functionality, performance, compatibility, compliance, and testing. The RFP should also include the security evaluation criteria and methods for the vendor selection, such as security certifications, audits, reviews, and demonstrations. Security should be considered in the RFP process to ensure that the software meets the security needs and expectations of the organization, and to avoid potential risks, costs, and liabilities associated with insecure software12. References: CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 3, page 211; CISSP Practice Exam – FREE 20 Questions and Answers, Question 10.

The first step that should be considered in a data loss prevention (DLP) program is data classification. Data loss prevention (DLP) is a type of process that involves identifying, monitoring, and protecting the data or the information on a system or a network, or on an organization or a business, using various methods, such as policies, rules, or tools, to prevent or mitigate the data or the information from being lost, leaked, or stolen by unauthorized parties, such as hackers, insiders, or competitors. DLP can provide various benefits, such as enhancing the security, compliance, or reputation of the system or the network, or of the organization or the business, and ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the data or the information. DLP can be implemented or performed by various steps or phases, such as:

Data classification: The step or the phase that involves defining, assigning, and labeling the data or the information on a system or a network, or on an organization or a business, using various criteria, categories, or levels, such as public, private, or confidential, to indicate or reflect the value, sensitivity, or importance of the data or the information, and to determine or guide the handling or the management of the data or the information.

Data discovery: The step or the phase that involves locating, identifying, and inventorying the data or the information on a system or a network, or on an organization or a business, using various methods, such as scanning, mapping, or indexing, to understand or analyze the source, type, or content of the data or the information, and to assess or evaluate the risk or the exposure of the data or the information.

Data monitoring: The step or the phase that involves observing, tracking, and recording the data or the information on a system or a network, or on an organization or a business, using various sources, such as logs, alerts, or reports, to measure or evaluate the usage, activity, or behavior of the data or the information, and to detect or prevent the data or the information from being lost, leaked, or stolen.

Data protection: The step or the phase that involves applying or enforcing the policies, rules, or tools to the data or the information on a system or a network, or on an organization or a business, using various techniques, such as encryption, masking, or blocking, to prevent or mitigate the data or the information from being lost, leaked, or stolen, and to achieve or maintain the security, compliance, or reputation of the system or the network, or of the organization or the business. Data classification is the first step that should be considered in a DLP program, as it can provide the foundation or the basis for the other steps or phases of the DLP program, and as it can enable or facilitate the identification, monitoring, and protection of the data or the information34. References: CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 3, page 230; 2024 Pass4itsure CISSP Dumps, Question 18.

 PII is any information that can be used to identify, contact, or locate a specific individual, either alone or in combination with other information. PII includes, but is not limited to, name, address, phone number, email address, social security number, date of birth, biometric data, medical records, financial records, and online identifiers. PII is subject to various laws and regulations that aim to protect the privacy and security of individuals and their data. When disposing of an office printer or copier, the greatest privacy risk to PII is that a hard disk drive (HDD) in the device could contain PII. Many modern printers and copiers have HDDs that store the documents that are printed, copied, scanned, or faxed by the device. These HDDs can retain the data even after the device is turned off or reset, and can be accessed by unauthorized parties if the device is not properly sanitized or destroyed before disposal. The device could also contain a document with PII on the platen glass, which is the glass surface where the document is placed for scanning or copying, but this is less likely and less risky than the HDD. Organizational network configuration information could still be present within the device, but this is not PII and does not pose a direct privacy risk to individuals. The device transfer roller could contain imprints of PII, but this is also less likely and less risky than the HDD, and the imprints would be difficult to read or recover. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 1: Security and Risk Management, page 29. Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Domain 1: Security and Risk Management, page 77.

 Revocation is the final phase of the identity and access provisioning lifecycle. The identity and access provisioning lifecycle is the set of activities and stages that govern the creation, modification, and deletion of user accounts and access privileges in an organization. The identity and access provisioning lifecycle consists of six phases: request, approval, provision, test, review, and audit. Revocation is the process of terminating or disabling the user accounts and access privileges when they are no longer needed, used, or authorized, such as when a user leaves the organization, changes roles, or violates the policies. Revocation can be done manually or automatically, depending on the triggers and the mechanisms used. Revocation ensures that the user accounts and access privileges are removed in a timely and secure manner, and that the principle of least privilege and the separation of duties are maintained. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5: Identity and Access Management, page 206. CISSP Testking ISC Exam Questions, Question 11.